When listening to Multi-Family Mondays, you'll learn that investing in commercial real estate isn't so tough. A twice monthly podcast focused on financial freedom through apartment investing. You aren't alone on this journey, hosted by Pam S. with The C.R.E.A.T.E. Wealth Network.
Welcome to the most 😲 offensive 😲 real estate podcast online! Jordan Stanley Payne is an entrepreneur out of Montana who began wholesaling then transitioned to buy and hold. In the past year he has mentored over 1,000 people and helped countless people begin to get free. This is the no fluff, no bullshit reality about real estate and being an entrepreneur!
Multi Family Deal Lab Podcast dissects real estate investment deals of everyday people who are on their journey to building a business and realizing financial freedom by creating a Multi Family business. We’ll have a check list of items to cover how each investor got their deal, how and where they raised the money to fund that deal, what surprises happened during the due diligence process and how they handled them, the unexpected challenges they faced during pre closing and after closing, ho ...
E
Everyday Property Manager | Customer Service | Communication Skills | Multi-Family Housing | Management | Community Manager


1
Everyday Property Manager | Customer Service | Communication Skills | Multi-Family Housing | Management | Community Manager
Jeremy P. Sorensen
Here at Everyday Property Manager, we are dedicated to helping you grow and thrive in the multi-family Housing industry. You are in a service business and there is great demand for excellent customer service and communication skills in this industry. We want to take your customer service skills to the next level and beyond! Sure, this business is full of challenging moments, but it is how you handle the moments of challenge that make you exceptional.
M
Multi-Family Mondays®


1
EP 26: How to Properly Manage Your Rental Property
23:59
23:59
Na później
Na później
Listy
Polub
Polubione
23:59
Hey Friends! In today's episode I discuss critical information regarding how to properly manage your rental property! If you're interested in learning about investing in multifamily, be sure to listen!! Let's Connect! Instagram: @PamScamardo Text CREATEWEALTH to 42828 to subscribe for exclusive access Topic Requests: info@letsgocreatewealth.com Sup…
M
Multi-Family Mondays®


1
EP 25: What to Consider Before Investing in Multifamily
17:37
17:37
Na później
Na później
Listy
Polub
Polubione
17:37
Hey Friends! In today's episode I discuss the pros and cons of multifamily investing! If you're ready to get started in investing take these points into consideration! Let's Connect! Instagram: @PamScamardo Text CREATEWEALTH to 42828 to subscribe for exclusive access Topic Requests: info@letsgocreatewealth.com Support the show (https://www.buymeaco…
M
Multi-Family Mondays®


1
EP 24: How to Use Other People's Money
14:10
14:10
Na później
Na później
Listy
Polub
Polubione
14:10
Hey Friends! In today's episode I discuss the crucial information regarding how to use other people's money in order to become a successful multi-family syndicatorl Let's Connect! Instagram: @PamScamardo Text CREATEWEALTH to 42828 to subscribe for exclusive access Topic Requests: info@letsgocreatewealth.com Support the show (https://www.buymeacoffe…
M
Multi-Family Mondays®


1
Ep 23: Being a Woman in a Male-Dominated Field
14:58
14:58
Na później
Na później
Listy
Polub
Polubione
14:58
Hey Friends! Being a woman in a male-dominated field is a challenge I'm constantly facing! Luckily, my engineering days prepared me with some strategies to gain a seat at the table. Let's Connect! Instagram: @PamScamardo Text CREATEWEALTH to 42828 to subscribe for exclusive access Topic Requests: info@letsgocreatewealth.com Support the show (https:…
Hey Friends! I'M WRITING A BOOK! It's finally good to talk to you guys about this adventure. In today's episode I discuss my progress in writing my book, and the journey that has brought me to this point I hope you guys enjoy, stay tuned! Let's Connect! Instagram: @PamScamardo Text CREATEWEALTH to 42828 to subscribe for exclusive access Topic Reque…
M
Multi-Family Mondays®


1
EP 21: Refinancing? Here's How To Prepare
18:30
18:30
Na później
Na później
Listy
Polub
Polubione
18:30
Hey Friends! In this weeks episode, I will be discussing how to properly prepare for refinancing. I also go over my journey of refinancing 4 PROPERTIES AT ONCE!!! Stay Tuned. Let's Connect! Instagram: @PassiveIncome_Boss Text CREATEWEALTH to 42828 to subscribe for exclusive access Topic Requests: info@letsgocreatewealth.com Support the show (https:…
M
Multi-Family Mondays®


1
EP 20: Do You Really Need A Business Plan?
23:57
23:57
Na później
Na później
Listy
Polub
Polubione
23:57
Hey Friends! In this week's episode, I will be discussing the importance of a business plan and if you really need one to begin with. Stay Tuned! Let's Connect! Instagram: @PassiveIncome_Boss Text CREATEWEALTH to 42828 to subscribe for exclusive access Topic Requests: info@letsgocreatewealth.com Support the show (https://www.buymeacoffee.com/MFMond…
M
Multi-Family Mondays®


1
EP 19: Have You House Hacked Before?
23:49
23:49
Na później
Na później
Listy
Polub
Polubione
23:49
Hey Friends! In this weeks episode, I will be discussing my house hacking experience, and going over the pros and cons. Let's Connect! Instagram: @PamScamardo Text CREATEWEALTH to 42828 to subscribe for exclusive access Topic Requests: info@letsgocreatewealth.com Support the show (https://www.buymeacoffee.com/MFMondays) Support the show (https://ww…
Hey Friends! I've been receiving a lot of question on what the BRRRR Method is, today I will be discussing my views on the BRRRR Method and why I think it's overhyped. Let's Connect! Instagram: @PassiveIncome_Boss Text CREATEWEALTH to 42828 to subscribe for exclusive access Topic Requests: info@letsgocreatewealth.com Support the show (https://www.b…
Hey Friends! Today we will be discussing the importance of aptitude and passion. I talk about how my passion ultimately lead to me quitting my full time job and becoming a full time multi-family investor. Let's Connect! Instagram: @PassiveIncome_Boss Text CREATEWEALTH to 42828 to subscribe for exclusive access Topic Requests: info@letsgocreatewealt…
M
Multi-Family Deal Lab Podcast


1
Buying a Court-Ordered Property? Do You Really Get A Deal?- Episode #31
35:22
35:22
Na później
Na później
Listy
Polub
Polubione
35:22
If you’re an active real estate investor, at some point you’ll likely come across a court-ordered sale. Properties involved in “Court-Ordered Sales” can be a good deal, as they’re often priced lower. But, there are risks involved in such transactions as they take longer than traditional real estate transactions. In this episode of the Multi-family …
M
Multi-Family Deal Lab Podcast


1
Closing Your First Deal - Multi-family Deal Lab Podcast #28
31:09
31:09
Na później
Na później
Listy
Polub
Polubione
31:09
Listen to the story of how these six partners who never got involved in a deal, closed their first-ever deal together, and how they can't wait to put together their next deal! 🤜Join the 𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓! Grow your business, transform your marketing, revolutionize your deal-making and dramatically increase your net worth!🤛 𝑱𝒐𝒊𝒏 𝑼…
M
Multi-Family Deal Lab Podcast


1
Multi-family - Boots on the ground - Episode #29
33:57
33:57
Na później
Na później
Listy
Polub
Polubione
33:57
Discover how Matt and Greg leveraged the expertise of their boots-on-the-ground partners to identify the potential merits of a 64-unit property in Melrose Park, IL. Listen in for more!! 🤜Join the 𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓! Grow your business, transform your marketing, revolutionize your deal-making and dramatically increase your net wort…
M
Multi-Family Deal Lab Podcast


1
What if a property under contract burns down?- Episode #30
30:40
30:40
Na później
Na później
Listy
Polub
Polubione
30:40
Property under contract burns down! Discover how Paul tackled this tricky situation that took 9 months for closing and the steps he took to make the deal work. Listen in for more!! Join us for another episode of the multi-family deal lab podcast with one of the Multi-family Geeks partners and multifamily investor, Paul Williams! 🤜Join the 𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒏…
M
Multi-Family Mondays®


1
Episode 16: 10 Best Ways to Find Potential Investors!
10:47
10:47
Na później
Na później
Listy
Polub
Polubione
10:47
Hey Investors! Who are the best people to connect with to get deals done? How do I meet them? Is it really that easy? Today, I'll be delving deep into these questions on how to get your deals funded! Let's Connect! Instagram: @ApartmentPam Text CREATEWEALTH to 42828 to subscribe for exclusive access Topic Requests: info@letsgocreatewealth.com Suppo…
M
Multi-Family Mondays®


1
Episode 15: Top 6 Considerations for Investing in Multi-Family — Either Solo or As a Part of a Syndication
5:35
5:35
Na później
Na później
Listy
Polub
Polubione
5:35
Hey Investors! Today I would like to go into the 6 considerations for investing in Multi-Family. Things I often think through on each of my investments and why I believe Multi-family investing is the greatest investment vehicle. Let's Connect! Instagram: @ApartmentPam Text CREATEWEALTH to 42828 to subscribe for exclusive access Topic Requests: info…
M
Multi-Family Deal Lab Podcast


1
When The Sellers Family Drags Out The Deal
27:29
27:29
Na później
Na później
Listy
Polub
Polubione
27:29
David Interviews Partners Vish, Matthew & Anna about their creative deal that took 8 months of negotiations due to difficult family dynamics with the seller. Listen to how their creativity and perseverance wound up adding $1.4 million in value BEFORE building additional units on the property! The Multi-Family Deal Lab Podcast dissects deals of ever…
M
Multi-Family Mondays®


1
Episode 14: Top 3 Traits Seen In Successful MF Investors w/ Kiran Dhillon
13:08
13:08
Na później
Na później
Listy
Polub
Polubione
13:08
Hey Investors! Pam here, I have another fantastic guest. She is my friend Kiran Dhillon, a multi-family broker in the Los Angeles region. She shares her past experiences with investors and how successful ones find their deals! Kiran's Website: https://www.sigcommercial.com/ Kiran's Email: Kiran@SigCommercial.com Let's Connect! Instagram: @Apartment…
M
Multi-Family Mondays®


1
Episode 13: A new way to fund your future deals? Let’s Explore!
7:19
7:19
Na później
Na później
Listy
Polub
Polubione
7:19
Hello Investors! Pam here, I'm changing the script here. I'm interviewing Sarry Ibrahim, where he shares his information on utilizing life insurance policies to fund your next real estate investment! Sarry's Website: https://www.FinAssetProtection.com Let's Connect! Instagram: @ApartmentPam Text CREATEWEALTH to 42828 to subscribe for exclusive acce…
M
Multi-Family Mondays®


1
Episode 12: Good Vs. Bad Deals & Investor Types
8:54
8:54
Na później
Na później
Listy
Polub
Polubione
8:54
Hello Investors! Pam here, I'm going over the different investor classes and the best investments to create their wealth! Let's Connect! Instagram: @ApartmentPam Text CREATEWEALTH to 42828 to subscribe for exclusive access Topic Requests: info@letsgocreatewealth.com Want to have our team "Analyze that City" click here! Or copy https://www.letsgocre…
Conflicts of Interest Exposed! Seller gets spiteful with the (First-Time!) buyers and Turns OFF the power the day before the Schedule Closing! Listen to the story of how these partners stuck it out, turned the investment into a huge success and how they can't wait to put together their next deal! 🤜Join the 𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓! Grow…
David interviews Jason Graves about his recent deal investing in Mobile Home Parks. Jason explains why he loves mobile home parks over multi-family properties, but also telss us why he wouldn't go it alone. The Multi Family Deal Lab Podcast dissects deals of everyday people who are building a Multi Family business and realizing financial freedom. W…
M
Multi-Family Mondays®


1
Episode 11: 1031 Exchanges | Can a tax-loophole help you get your dream home?
3:24
3:24
Na później
Na później
Listy
Polub
Polubione
3:24
Hello everyone! It's been a little hectic with scheduling, so we will be uploading twice a month. This week, Pam goes into a quick discussion about 1031 exchanges. Check out our most recent webinar for a comprehensive guide to 1031 Exchanges with Steven Decker of 1031 IPX here. 1031 Exchange Webinar w/ Steve Decker: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=…
M
Multi-Family Deal Lab Podcast


1
How To Use Systems in Your Multi-family Business
40:16
40:16
Na później
Na później
Listy
Polub
Polubione
40:16
As your multifamily business grows you reach certain milestones where you have to make decisions that can make or break your business. Listen to David Lindahl interview Jesse Worcester about the growth of his multi-family business that he owns with his brothers; how they developed systems and overcame obstacles to continue its impressive growth. Th…
M
Multi-Family Mondays®


1
Episode 10: House-Hacking, The Way to Real Estate Wealth?
6:37
6:37
Na później
Na później
Listy
Polub
Polubione
6:37
Hello everyone! We were on a short hiatus with finding a new home, but today Pam covers the real estate strategy house hacking! Pam's 1031 Exchange Article here: https://www.letsgocreatewealth.com/post/1031-exchanges Love our content? Buy me a coffee here - https://www.buymeacoffee.com/MFMondays Thanks for listening! Support the show (https://www.b…
In This Episode of the Multi-Family Deal Lab Podcast David interviews Vanessa Alfarro where they discuss her journey from South America to now living in the United States looking for a new kind of business. How she finds investors for her deals, overcoming personal challenges and how she balances her job as a mom with growing her multi-family busin…
Even people with a lot of experience make mistakes. Listen to this episode to learn from them and save your investment. The Multi Family Deal Lab Podcast dissects deals of everyday people who are building a Multi Family business and realizing financial freedom. We’ll cover how each investor got their deal, how they raised the money to fund it, what…
M
Multi-Family Deal Lab Podcast


1
The Tables are Turned on David Lindahl!!
38:58
38:58
Na później
Na później
Listy
Polub
Polubione
38:58
In this episode of the Multi-Family Deal Lab Podcast we turn the tables and David Lindahl is the guest and answers questions about What RE Mentor IS, how it started and what it can offer to YOU! Multi Family Deal Lab dissects deals of everyday people who are building a business and realizing financial freedom by creating a Multi Family business. We…
Jim Stuart joins David Lindahl in taking your questions and how they're getting ready for the next big wave of multi-family deals that could set you up for life! Multi Family Deal Lab dissects deals of everyday people who are building a business and realizing financial freedom by creating a Multi Family business. We’ll cover how each investor got t…
M
Multi-Family Deal Lab Podcast


1
Rescuing The Deal With Creative Offers
32:53
32:53
Na później
Na później
Listy
Polub
Polubione
32:53
When the Seller of a 64 unit building starts to get cold feet just hours before closing the deal - Adam and Charles got creative with their offers and their financing to make the deal happen. Get ready to take notes as David Lindahl breaks down the deal and finds out how they pulled this one off! Multi Family Deal Lab dissects deals of everyday peo…
David Lindahl revisits Corey Peterson's Very First Multi-Family Deal to go over how he overcame the fear of going from Single Family Fix-n-Flips to $$ multi-million Deals. Multi Family Deal Lab dissects deals of everyday people who are building a business and realizing financial freedom by creating a Multi Family business. We’ll cover how each inve…
M
Multi-Family Deal Lab Podcast


1
The Midas Touch? Multi-Family Deal Lab Podcast Episode 17
11:55
11:55
Na później
Na później
Listy
Polub
Polubione
11:55
The Midas Touch? Listen to David Lindahl interview Dan and Chuck who work at the Pentagon describe a deal that took an $11 Million Property and make it worth $30 Million! Listen to how they tell you that you can learn how to do this type of deal too - maybe not with the exact same results, but hey! Not bad! Right? Multi Family Deal Lab dissects dea…
M
Multi-Family Mondays®


1
Episode 9: Top 10 Cities to Invest in 2021 + 3 Tips to Stay Ahead of the Competition!
7:37
7:37
Na później
Na później
Listy
Polub
Polubione
7:37
Hello everyone! Pam goes over the Top 10 Cities to Invest in 2021 from BiggerPockets.com and discusses her three tips to find deals faster than the competition! Love our content? Buy me a coffee here - https://www.buymeacoffee.com/MFMondays Thanks for listening! Support the show (https://www.buymeacoffee.com/MFMondays) BiggerPockets Article: https:…
M
Multi-Family Deal Lab Podcast


1
Knowledge Without Action Is Useless Information
25:02
25:02
Na później
Na później
Listy
Polub
Polubione
25:02
David talks to Brian Burke and Bill Johnston about how they got started. What were their first deal? What's the most important thing to do when starting a Multi-Family Business? What were their biggest mistakes! Listen and Learn! Multi Family Deal Lab dissects deals of everyday people who are building a business and realizing financial freedom by c…
M
Multi-Family Mondays®


1
Episode 8: How to Structure your First Multifamily Deal!
6:21
6:21
Na później
Na później
Listy
Polub
Polubione
6:21
Welcome back! Pam explains the process of structuring your potential deals, and provides insight from her own deals! Love our content? Buy me a coffee here - https://www.buymeacoffee.com/MFMondays Thanks for listening! Support the show (https://www.buymeacoffee.com/MFMondays) Support the show (https://www.buymeacoffee.com/MFMondays)…
M
Multi-Family Deal Lab Podcast


1
Doing Multi-Family Deals during COVID
17:18
17:18
Na później
Na później
Listy
Polub
Polubione
17:18
David discusses doing deals during COVID and Tiered financing with Vikram Raya on the Deal Lab. Multi Family Deal Lab dissects deals of everyday people who are building a business and realizing financial freedom by creating a Multi Family business. We’ll cover how each investor got their deal, how they raised the money to fund it, what surprises ha…
Multi Family Deal Lab dissects deals of everyday people who are building a business and realizing financial freedom by creating a Multi Family business. We’ll cover how each investor got their deal, how they raised the money to fund it, what surprises happened during the due diligence process and how they handled them, the unexpected challenges the…
M
Multi-Family Mondays®


1
Episode 7: New Year, New You, Now Get That Property!
7:24
7:24
Na później
Na później
Listy
Polub
Polubione
7:24
Happy New Year! Pam provides three simple tweaks to your goal setting to set you up for success in multi-family investing in 2021. For FREE tips on Multifamily Investing, please visit our website. (www.letsgocreatewealth.com). Don't forget to sign up for our upcoming webinar "Top 10 Tips for First Time Multi-Family Buyers" on January 19th at 12PM P…
M
Multi-Family Deal Lab Podcast


1
From Restaurant Manager to having a Terrific Real Estate Investment Portfolio
24:39
24:39
Na później
Na później
Listy
Polub
Polubione
24:39
This week David Lindahl sits down with Corey Peterson. Corey describes his journey from restaurant manager to grocery salesman to having a terrific real estate investment portfolio. He also talks about mindset and learning how there's A LOT more to property management than he thought and how he solved that problem! Multi Family Deal Lab dissects de…
M
Multi-Family Deal Lab Podcast


1
Hazards and Pitfalls to avoid when investing across the Border!
32:00
32:00
Na później
Na później
Listy
Polub
Polubione
32:00
The Multi-Family Deal Lab "Travels" North this week as we learn about Canadian Investors and the Hazards and Pitfalls to avoid when investing across the Border! Multi Family Deal Lab dissects deals of everyday people who are building a business and realizing financial freedom by creating a Multi Family business. We’ll cover how each investor got th…
M
Multi-Family Deal Lab Podcast


1
How will the Pandemic Affect Access to lending, interest rates?
35:14
35:14
Na później
Na później
Listy
Polub
Polubione
35:14
A Special Ask the Experts Episode:. How will the Pandemic Affect Access to lending, interest rates? What Types of Cities are at Greatest Risk? How will changes to delivery of Education Affect Real Estate Values? All this and more is packed into this Special Holiday Edition of the Multi-Family Deal Lab Podcast! 🤜Join the 𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 …
M
Multi-Family Mondays®


1
Episode 6: The 3 Big D's Generating Motivated Sellers
3:12
3:12
Na później
Na później
Listy
Polub
Polubione
3:12
This episode, Pam discusses the 3 Big D's to generate motivated sellers and how you can use them to start investing in multifamily real estate! For FREE tips on Multifamily Investing, please visit our website. (www.letsgocreatewealth.com). Buy me a coffee here - https://www.buymeacoffee.com/MFMondays Support the show (https://www.buymeacoffee.com/M…
M
Multi-Family Deal Lab Podcast


1
From Homelessness to Owning Several Investment Properties
30:12
30:12
Na później
Na później
Listy
Polub
Polubione
30:12
In This Episode David Lindahl interviews Rob Rowsell about his journey from homelessness to owning several investment properties with his wife and others. This is truly an inspirational "Rags to Riches" story you definitely want to listen to. Multi Family Deal Lab dissects deals of everyday people who are building a business and realizing financial…
M
Multi-Family Deal Lab Podcast


1
Rescuing $90,000 of investors Money!
31:36
31:36
Na później
Na później
Listy
Polub
Polubione
31:36
In this Episode of the Multifamily Deal Lab Podcast: The Lender Drops financing because of COVID-19! Rescuing $90,000 of investors Money! Leaking Pipes spouting randomly in various apartments due to faulty plumbing! and STILL MAKING MONEY?!?!? This episode has it all! Multi Family Deal Lab dissects deals of everyday people who are building a busine…
M
Multi-Family Mondays®


1
Episode 5: 5 Pitfalls to Avoid from Multifamily Investing Expert - Peter Harris
14:45
14:45
Na później
Na później
Listy
Polub
Polubione
14:45
Pam interviews her former mentor, Peter Harris, on the 5 common pitfalls to avoid when starting off in multifamily investing. For FREE tips on Multifamily Investing, please visit our website. (www.letsgocreatewealth.com). Buy me a coffee here - https://www.buymeacoffee.com/MFMondays If you liked Peter's coaching advice, check out his books and YouT…
M
Multi-Family Deal Lab Podcast


1
SF Wholesaler Makes It Big In MF Properties with Don Goff
30:45
30:45
Na później
Na później
Listy
Polub
Polubione
30:45
David Lindahl and Don Goff discuss best practices in growing a successful real estate investment businesses. The R = C x F formula for success in ANY business, time blocking, the 2 types of sources for getting private financing and much MORE! 🤜Join the 𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓! Grow your business, transform your marketing, revolutionize…
M
Multi-Family Deal Lab Podcast


1
Doctors Doing Deals - Why Multi-family Investing Is More Profitable
29:12
29:12
Na później
Na później
Listy
Polub
Polubione
29:12
Multi Family Deal Lab dissects deals of everyday people who are on their journey to building a business and realizing financial freedom by creating a Multi Family business. We’ll have a check list of items to cover from how each investor got their deal, how and where they raised the money to fund that deal, what surprises happened during the due di…
Besides friends, family, and major lending institutions, what else can help fund your deal? This week, Pam tackles another hurdle in real estate investing, the financing! She details 6 funding alternatives to explore on your next deal! Support the show! (https://www.buymeacoffee.com/MFMondays) Check out our YouTube Channel C.R.E.A.T.E. WEALTH. (htt…
M
Multi-Family Deal Lab Podcast


1
Where The Emerging Markets Are with Scott Stafford
27:12
27:12
Na później
Na później
Listy
Polub
Polubione
27:12
Multi Family Deal Lab dissects deals of everyday people who are building a business and realizing financial freedom by creating a Multi Family business. We’ll cover how each investor got their deal, how they raised the money to fund it, what surprises happened during the due diligence process and how they handled them, the unexpected challenges the…